Annual Workshop Review of USCG Enhanced Crew Resource

Annual Workshop Review of USCG Enhanced Crew Resource Management (ECRM) USCG Aviation Training Center Mobile, AL National Response Department Aviation Division Training Branch 1

“Enhanced” – How? New concepts – of personal error awareness – merged with traditional CRM topics Weak Link? National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 2

New Terms Blue Threat Red Threat Weather Human Error Terrain/Sea State Complacency Environmental Factors Physiological Degradation Criminals Hazardous Attitudes Terrorists Poor Self-Management Time Time National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 3

Conditions for Success Return home safely with your aircraft and crew Execute the mission more effectively Win internal and external “battles” more decisively National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 4

Training the Whole System: Where ECRM Fits Personal Skills Team Skills Operational Risk Management 5

Aircraft Accidents Compared to Time CAUSES MACHINE YEARS National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 6

Aircraft Accidents Compared to Time HUMAN CAUSES MACHINE YEARS National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 7

The Scary Reality The vast majority of mishaps occur with experienced personnel on routine flights due to human error caused events National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 8

The Scary Reality Most mishaps occur during flight perceived as low threat or routine (arrival, departure from base or search) National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 9

ECRM Defined Maximizing mission accomplishment, safety and efficiency by optimizing available internal and external resources, including: – Self awareness – Hardware – Software – People – Environment 10

Typical Aux Cockpit Resource Pilot /Crew Your single most important resource YOU With proper training With self discipline With dedication to excellence With proper attitude With proper nutrition/water National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 11

Flight Discipline The Anchor Point of Professional Airmanship This time, its personal. 12

Current Training is Incomplete Flight Discipline Self Management Tactics National Response Department National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher AUXAIR ECRM Refresher Systems Procedures UNCLASSIFIED 13 13

Violation Producing Conditions (VPCs) Mission Expectation: The perception that the rules e n i l p Ego & Power: The belief that the violator has the skill i c and stature to do the job better outside the boundaries s i d g Unlikely Detection: The perception that the violation n o is unlikely to be detected by anyonerin authority t s Poor Planning: Lack byof adequate planning time or depth resulting in “free styling”dduring execution e z i l a r Leadership Gap: Leaders who personally practice or t are known e toucondone procedural non-compliance N must be bent to get the job done Unique Event: An out of the ordinary situation such as an airshow or “special” mission 14

Is Noncompliance an Issue? Airlines: Over 50% of missions involved procedural non-compliance (Helmreich, 2002) – exceeding airspeed limits – failure to use checklists, etc. Sixty four percent (64%) of oil platform pilots disclosed “regular & routine violations” National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 15

Flight Discipline Summary Compliance and flight discipline are the defining pieces of our professionalism Non-compliance is more prevalent than we like to admit Some non-compliance events/sequences are far more dangerous than others All non-compliance events demand a personal decision and response National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 16

More Data Points Seventy two percent (72%) of attendees at a national aviation safety conference admit to violating a weather or fuel minimum within the last 12 months (Convergent ARS data) Approximately 75% of Marine aviators responded it was acceptable to violate policy – But only 53% said it was acceptable for others to do so (Convergent ARS data) What about you? National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 17

The ECRM Loop Review continuously Ask questions Personal Error Patterns Decide on appropriate action Advocate concern/action Resolve differences National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 18

Step 1. Ask Questions Excuse me boss, but are you sure it’s legal to do this? Capability to recognize a problem Confidence and assertiveness Ask the right questions . . . . . . at the right time National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 19

Step 2. Advocacy Frankly state opinion Express concerns Seek ideas from others Expect and accept criticism National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher I think we should check the regs on this one, don’t you? 20

Step 3. Resolve Differences Work out differences in a timely fashion Save arguing for the debrief Emphasize what is right not who is right National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 21

Step 4. Decision Decision priorities My idea Your idea – Safety – Effectiveness – Efficiency – Precision Seek consensus, but don’t forget who is in charge Don’t get locked in if conditions change Our Plan National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 22

Conservative Response Rule Pre-briefed agreement Take the more conservative of acceptable alternatives Not automatic to WIMP Mode National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 23

Step 5. Review Continuously Check the egos at the door Honest evaluation of plan vs. reality If a formal debrief is not a part of your culture – it will be neglected and abandoned, at least by some (probably those who need it most). National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 24

The Professional’s Performance Ladder Where are you on the performance ladder? Perfection Where are your peers? Where is your organization? Precision Efficiency Effectiveness Safety Hazard Survival Violation Incident Accident Fatality National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 25

The Professional’s Performance Ladder Perfection Precision Efficiency Effectiveness Safety Hazard Zone of Mediocrity Survival Violation Incident Accident Fatality National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 26

The Professional’s Performance Ladder “Dying ain’t much of a living, son.” - Clint Eastwood Survival National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 27

The Professional’s Performance Ladder Safety is the first level of professional skill. It must always be present, but it is never enough. Safety National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 28

The Professional’s Performance Ladder Effectiveness is the level where a basic mastery of activities to accomplish the mission occurs. Here we earn our paycheck – no more, no less. Sadly, it is where most stop improving. Effectiveness National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 29

The Professional’s Performance Ladder Efficiency is developing skills beyond the basics of safety and effectiveness. Its doing things better because you can, not because you must. Efficiency National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 30

The Professional’s Performance Ladder This level is characterized by the few who constantly seek greater precision for its own sake. National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher Precision 31

The Professional’s Performance Ladder For true professionals, perfection is the goal, excellence is merely tolerated as a waypoint. “Thinking perfect is impossible is the biggest obstacle to its attainment.” Perfection Five minutes of perfection today and six minutes tomorrow is the path of the professional. National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 32

The Professional’s Performance Ladder Hazard Hazards exist no matter what level of the performance ladder we are on, but unnecessary hazards do not. National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 33

The Professional’s Performance Ladder Violation Violations should always raise a red flag, even if they were unavoidable or unintentional. National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 34

The Professional’s Performance Ladder This is where something bad has happened. It is often the last wake up call. Two typical responses occur; one good – one bad. Incident National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 35

The Professional’s Performance Ladder Damage and/or injury. Hard evidence that something has gone wrong. Formal investigations. No more hiding the issues. Accident National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 36

The Professional’s Performance Ladder This is the level where we bury friends and excuses or finger pointing often begin. Fatality National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 37

If you are aiming for safety, you are aiming too low. When you slip from a higher rung on the performance ladder, you have room for correction before you enter the house of pain. Perfection Precision Efficiency Effectiveness Safety Hazard Survival Violation Incident Accident Fatality National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 38

E-CRM Next Steps Where are you on this ladder? Perfection What continuous improvement process do you have ongoing right now? Precision Efficiency Effectiveness Safety Hazard Survival Violation Incident Accident Fatality National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 39

We each get to choose our pain. If we refuse the pain of discipline, we agree to endure the pain of regret. “If you are going to be good, be good all the time.” National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 40

The ECRM Loop Review continuously Ask questions Personal Error Decide on appropriate action Patterns Advocate concern/action Resolve differences National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 41

LESSON LEARNED ITS UP TO YOU! DO YOU HAVE THE PERSONAL DISCIPLINE TO DO IT RIGHT? National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 42

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Your feedback is welcome. Please send your comments to: Don Zinner, BC-RAT at [email protected] Don Zinner, Branch Chief, Aviation Training Wilson Riggan, Chief, Aviation Division Robert Shafer, Director – National Response Department National Response Department AUXAIR ECRM Refresher 44